Do you see sexuality as a biological given or Essay Example

Do you see sexuality as a biological given or Essay Example Do you see sexuality as a biological given or Essay Do you see sexuality as a biological given or Essay Make you see gender as a biological given or as a societal building? Critically reflect upon your place. ( 2220/ 2000 ) Introduction In the 19th century biological accounts for gender became ascendent over the old theological 1s ( Kimmel, 2000: 22 ) . In some respects such accounts match our common sense’ apprehension of human gender, for after all is non sexuality finally the concern of biological science and reproduction? However, it is every bit true that the medical professions have played an of import function in the subjugation of homosexualism ( Marshall, 1983: 165 ) . In the first subdivision I explore the biological account of gender, demoing that such an attack is unequal at explicating human gender and the manner that it changes historically. In the 2nd subdivision I examine the statement that gender is in fact a societal building: that gender is learned behavior. In the decision, I sound a note of cautiousness, reasoning that, following Connell ( 2002 ) , what is needed is a manner of speculating gender, and more specifically gender, which includes both the societal and biological dimensions. Sexuality as a Biological Given In this subdivision I explore biological accounts of gender, particularly within depth psychology. An illustration is found in the work of Marie Bonaparte ( in Thompson, 2003 ) . Marie Bonaparte ( 1882-1962 ) , a member of the ( in ) celebrated Bonaparte household, was a patient of Freud in the 1920s and 1930s. Following her analysis she developed a complex, though non needfully coherent ( Thompson, 2003: 366 ) , theory of female gender. For Freud anatomy is destiny ( in Kimmel, 2000: 21 ) , therefore within Freudian depth psychology a woman’s gender is finally the consequence of her deficiency of Phallus ( see Marshall, 1983 ) . [ 1 ] Following Freud, Bonaparte argued that female gender is a consequence of women’s passiveness and biological sensitivity to trouble: †¦woman is biologically doomed to endure [ †¦ ] and she can make nil but submit passively to the government prescribed’ ( Bonaparte in Thompson, 2003: 357 ) . Further, Bonaparte argued that t he manner in which a woman’s anatomy is ordered determines her titillating life: that the intimacy of the button and vagina reflect the androgyny inherent in every woman’ ( Thompson, 2003: 357 ) . For Bonaparte, if a adult female becomes fixated on her button, experience’s clitoric climaxs, she demonstrates her inadaptation to function’ ( Bonaparte in Thompson, 2003: 364 ) , and finally becomes a renouncer’ who abandons hope of happening love ( Thompson, 2003: 35 ) . If she remains fixated on both her button and her vagina, she becomes a claimer’ , and therefore denies world and is caught in a struggle between her sadistic ( male ) and inactive ( female ) gender ( Ibid. p. 364 ) . If she is alternatively fixated on her vagina, she becomes an acceptive’ or a true woman’ as she no longer wants for a phallus, but alternatively wants for a kid ( Ibid. p. 359 ) . A normal’ gender is therefore the consequence of lone vaginal c limax and a desire for kids. For Bonaparte, any account of human gender has as its base the biological reality’ . Such an attack to human gender is non confined to historical beginnings, a speedy study of modern-day psychological science reveals a similar procedure: for illustration a recent article on human gender argues that four differences are apparent between male and female gender: that work forces show more involvement in sex ( Peplau, 2003: 37 ) ; that adult females emphasize committed dealingss as the proper context for sex, whereas work forces are more permissive towards insouciant sex ( Ibid. pp. 37-8 ) ; that aggression plays a larger function in male gender ( Peplau, 2003: 38 ) ; and eventually, that women’s gender is more easy altered by cultural and situational factors ( Ibid. ) . Although this study was based on the respondents ain perceptual experiences, this did non forestall the writer from reasoning that an adequate understanding [ of gender ] may necessitate separate analyses o f gender in adult females and work forces, based on the uniquebiological scienceand life experiences of each sex’ ( Ibid. p. 39, accent added ) . Early on societal scientists relied to a great extent on the usage of science’ to legalize their subjects, and so besides relied on biological accounts ( Kimmel, 2000: 23 ) . However, Emily Martin ( 1991 ) demonstrates that the facts’ of biological science have non merely been interpreted though a cultural lens, these facts have beenmade to suitwith culturally dominant ideals of male and female gender: the egg is perceived to be inactive, the sperm active ( Martin, 1991: 489 ) ; [ 2 ] social imagery’ is mapped onto the gametes, giving them male and female personalities, so as to put a steadfast footing for reimporting precisely that same imagination asnatural accounts of societal phenomena’ ( Ibid. p. 500, accent added ) . Further, if we except such accounts how can we so explain they manner in which gender has changed historically? Relatively recent developments in human gender, such as the development of homosexualism as a signifier of individuality ( Ma rshall, 1983: 167 ) can non be explained by biological science. Finally, whilst our perceptual experience of the sexes is dichotomous, the world of biological science is non: there may really be every bit many as five sexes, including the inter-sexed ( Connell, 2002: 29 ; 36 ) . Such a disparity has led many to see alternatively the societal beginning of both gender and gender. Sexuality as a Social Construction In this subdivision I examine the work of Salvatore Cucchiari ( 1981 ) , who argued that gender must alternatively be seen as a societal building ; that instead than being the consequence of biological science, human gender must be regarded as portion of the societal building of gender’ . Early efforts to explicate gender as a societal building were to be found in sex-role theory, where gender is learned during the procedure of socialisation ( Charles, 2003: 2 ) . Aberrance from normal’ gender, such as homosexualism, would therefore be a consequence of a failure’ in socialisation ( Connell, 1987: 49 in Charles, 2003: 2 ) . By the 1970s, the impact of second-wave feminism had led many theoreticians to situate a differentiation between sex’ and gender’ ( Connell, 2002: 33 ) . Cucchiari ( 1981 ) , pulling on this development, conducted an interesting thought experiment’ in which he attempts to logically infer the development of gender and gender in pre-history. In a complex and disputing article his attack may be divided into cardinal phases: foremost he postulates a crude society without gender dealingss ; next, he imagines how such a society would run: who would look after the kids, who would run etc ; 3rd, he outlines the manner that gender would subsequently develop in such a society. Cucchiari imagines a pre-gender universe which is functionally divided into those who look after the kids ( Child Tenders ) and those who look for nutrient ( Foragers ) ( Cucchiari, 1981: 41 ) . Membership of these groups is unstable, non ascribed, alterations over clip and is democratic and Unitarian ( Ibid. p. 42-50 ) : therefore he imagines aspacial, instead than a sexual, division. In this imagined pre-gender society, gender is both bisexual and unrestrained’ and physical differences between the sexes are unimportant ( Ibid. p.45 ) . Subsequently, as portion of the demand to develop ties with other bisexual hosts, groups begin to interchange kids ( Cucchiari, 1981: 50 ) . Later a crisis develops between the unitarian political orientation [ †¦ ] and the biological dissymmetry or exclusivity of proto-women’s ability to hold and suckle children’ ( Ibid. ) . This is ab initio resolved by consecrating adult females, taking to the hypostatization of the physi cal characteristics associated with reproduction – the chest and genitalias – but finally, as this entails a negative definition of proto-man, [ 3 ] the two functions become reciprocally sole and adult females are no longer worshipped ( Ibid. p. 51 ) . Alternatively, the adult females entirely look after the kids, while the work forces Hunt and competition within gender-related activities – and all activities are now circumscribed by the gender duality – tends to reenforce and lucubrate the very significances of maleness and femininity’ ( Ibid. p. 57 ) : the gender revolution has occurred. Following this gender revolution is thesexualrevolution ; as a consequence of the competition between members of the same sex, work forces as huntsmans and adult females as kid carriers, sexual attraction assumes a new importance ( Ibid. pp. 56-48 ) , and the sex that produces kids,heterosexual sex, becomes more extremely valued and finally requires societal cont rol, or countenances ( Ibid. p. 58 ) . Finally, the exchange of kids easy develops into the exchange of adult females and therefore represents the exercising of laterality by some grownup members of the community over other grownups [ †¦ ] repairing the position of adult females as objects’ ( Ibid. p. 62 ) . Cucchiari’s attack is debatable ; foremost, it is to a great extent reliant on Freudian depth psychology ( Ibid. pp. 46-48 ) , which I discredited earlier for its covert trust on biological science: he posits the development of gender hierarchy as the consequence of asocietaloedipal crisis. However, Cucchiari argues that Freud’s theory allows the possibility that humanity ( past and hereafter ) need non take between the dictatorship of venereal primacy or the lawlessness of childish bisexuality’ , but alternatively take an intermediate sexual form’ : a non-repressive gender ( Cucchiari, 1981: 48 ) . Second, despite his averments that this is a mere thought experiment, he does try to back up his statement with mention to the archeological record ( Ibid. pp. 63-69 ) , so he argues that this procedure occurred in the Upper Palaeolithic period ( 35,000 B.C. to 12,000 B.C ) and is supported by the archeological stuff: The form of symbolic look of gender constructs during this era closely follows that in the theoretical account: an initial phase characterized by a chiseled, extremely specified feminine construct and correspondingly weak masculine representation: a in-between period of amplification in which both gender marks are related to each other in different contexts and mapped onto other sorts of marks: and eventually, toward the terminal of the Upper Palaeolithic, a clear, in writing representation of the Phallus but attendant weak and abstract rendition of female marks ( Ibid. p. 63 ) . This writer is non adequately experienced to judge the cogency of his statement here ; nevertheless, his thought experiment does let us to conceive of a gender-free universe, to see that gender and gender are socially constructed, and so conceive of that sexual and gender equality is possible in the hereafter. Decision In decision, we can see that biological accounts, including those of depth psychology, do non adequately account for human gender. Not merely does gender form our sexual relationships ( Connell, 2002: 143 ) , gender is a portion of the procedure in which gender is socially constructed, so, gender lies at the bosom of any gender system’ ( Cucchiari, 1981: 37 ) . Simone de Beauvior stated that One is non born, but instead becomes, a woman’ ( in Connell, 2002: 4 ) , it might be better to state that one is non born heterosexual/ homosexual/ bisexual, but instead becomes so ; gender is a affair of societal building, non of biological science, and is constructed as portion of the procedure of gender building: Human gender is fictile, non capable to stiff familial or hormonal patterning, but determined by the acquisition and symbolic countries of the brain’ ( Cucchiari, 1981: 38 ) . However, a concluding note of cautiousness is needed: gender is a societal building, but this does non intend that it is free from all the restraints imposed by biological science ; one is non wholly free to build one’s gender any more than one is free to build one’s ain gender. The societal building of both gender and gender is limited by and affects the human organic structure: Bodies can non be understood as merely the objects of societal procedure, whether symbolic or disciplinary. They are active participants in societal process’ ( Connell, 2002: 39-40 ) . The sociology of gender used to be chiefly concerned with the survey of aberrance ( Gamson and Moon, 2004: 47 ) , but queer theory’ is now in danger of situating genders as divorced from the organic structures that pattern them, and therefore sabotaging the part it can do to the wider survey of society. Bibliography Charles, Nickie ( 2003 ) Theorizing Gender’ ,Gender in Modern Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1-19. Connell, R.W. ( 2002 )Gender, Cambridge: Polity Press. Cucchiari, Salvatore ( 1981 ) The Gender Revolution and the Passage from Bisexual Horde to Partrilocal Band: The Origins of Gender Hierarchy’ ,Sexual Meanings: The Cultural Construction of Gender and SexualitY, Ortner, S and Whitehead, H ( Eds. ) , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 31-79. Gamson, Joshua and Moon, Dawne ( 2004 ) The Sociology of Sexualities: Fagot and Beyond’ ,Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 30, pp. 47-64. Kimmel, Michael S. ( 2000 ) Ordained by Nature: Biology Constructs the Sexes’ ,The Gendered Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 21-46. Martin, Emily The Egg and the Sperm: How Science has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotyped Male-Female Roles’ ,Signs, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 485-501. Marshall, John ( 1983 ) The Medical Profession’ ,Prejudice and Pride: Discrimination against Gay People in Modern Britain, London: Routledge, pp. 165-193. Peplau, Letitia ( 2003 ) Human Sex: How do Men and Women Differ? ’ ,Current Directions in Psychological Science, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 37-40. Thompson, Nellie L. ( 2003 ) Marie Bonaparte s Theory of Female Sexuality: Fantasy and Biology’ ,American Imago, Vol. 60, No. 3, pp. 343-378. 1

What do you think the likelihood of success will be for President Essay

What do you think the likelihood of success will be for President Obama to implement the remaining items of his agenda - Essay Example Congress members from both fronts of the political divide all have an input in what is to be implemented and what is not. They exercise their power through voting for or against any policy. For any of these items to be implemented, a majority of the Senate members must vote for the item through persuasion and lobbying. The likelihood of President Obama to implement the items of his agenda that are yet to be done is high. The fulfillment of items in his agenda led to the recent up-surge in his approval ratings. President Reagan is an excellent example of a president who was able to push his agenda forward despite all odds. His changes especially in the budget and tax reforms cannot go unnoticed.2 Reagan was successful in his bid to implement his agenda because he possessed the self discipline and clarity required to control the agenda. His strategy was to take on an issue a time rather than to have a full plate that neither he nor congress could handle at a time. President Jimmy Carter, on the other hand, was relatively unsuccessful. This was because the challenge of being president was simply overwhelming. He did not prioritize his agenda laying emphasis on the most urgent ones and lacked enthusiasm. He instead took on everything at a go, and this portrayed him as a man who had no concrete plan for the nation. His style of handling business did not impress Congress

China the Onechild Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

China the Onechild Policy - Essay Example It emerged from the belief that development would be compromised by rapid population growth and that the sheer size of China's population together with its young age structure presented a unique challenge." (Kane and Choi, 1999). Therefore, a reflective analysis of the one child family policy in China confirms that it was developed and implemented in reply to the concerns about the social and economic consequences of the sustained fast growth of population in the country and the execution of the policy was more effective in urban areas than rural areas of China. One of the major criticisms of the policy has been that it brings about inequity against females, who are often aborted, abandoned, or unregistered and there are reports of fines, pressures to abort a pregnancy, and even forced sterilization in the case of second or subsequent pregnancies. The rigorous implementation of the policy became more difficult due to social and economic reforms. However, one of the most important con sequences of the policy has been that it eased some of the pressures of rapid population increase on communities and it has reduced the population of the nation by at least 250 million. In this paper, a profound analysis of the one child policy in China is carried out in order to point out some of the good and bad effects accompanying the policy. China: the good and bad effects of one-child policy The one-child policy, which comes under the official translation of family planning policy of the Chinese government, has been one of the very important steps taken by the government in order to control the population growth in the nation and the policy officially restricts the number of children to the urban couples. Introduced by the Chinese government in 1979 to deal with the social, economic, and environmental problems in China, this policy has affected around 35.9% of China's population today. It is essential to realize the various significant aspects of the policy in order to make a good analysis of the good and bad effects of one-child policy in China. In a reflective analysis of the essential aspects of the policy, it becomes lucid that "the aim was to curtail population growth, perhaps to 1.1 billion and certainly to 1.2 billion, by the year 2000. It was hoped that third and higher order births could be eliminated and that about 30% of couples might agree to forgo a second c hild. The ideal of a one child family implied that the majority would probably never meet it People were to be encouraged to have only one child through a package of financial and other incentives, such as preferential access to housing, schools, and health services." (Kane and Choi, 1999). Thus, the one-child policy was the result of a common realization that the sacrifice of second or third children was very essential for the sake of future generations of China which is the most populous country in the world. One of the crucial factors about China's one-child family policy has been that it has crucially influenced the lives of nearly a quarter of the world's population for more than a quarter of the century and it is essential to realize the good and bad effects of the policy. A background analysis of China's one-child family policy makes clear that the Chinese government embarked on this policy in 1979, following the economic stagnation of the

E-Collaboration for E-Businesses

E-Collaboration for E-Businesses 1. Working Title How does the development of e-collaboration provide e-businesses with a competitive advantage? 2. Introduction E-Collaboration, a relatively new concept that is shaping the way we do business. The development of this model has seen recent advances in inter-enterprise software and communication technologies which are shaping the way for digitalisation, mass communication, and globalisation. This emerging business tool has the ability to change the traditional foundations of business relationships. This report explores the concept of developing e-collaboration for e-businesses and the competitive advantage it provides to B2B (Business to Business), through the means of secondary qualitative research, books, journals, the internet and shared company information. 3. Literature Review 3.1 Defining E-Collaboration Goonatilake et al. (2009) state that e-collaboration is the use of internet and related technologies to assist distant clients in exchanging information for interactions between suppliers and customers, and everyone in between to move trade forward. Kock (2002) supports the aforementioned definition by identifying e-collaboration at an operational level as being a collaboration utilising electronic technologies amongst different individuals to achieve a common goal. E-Collaboration is a tool that breaks the boundaries of activities involving buying and selling. As cited in Samtani (2002, p.8) The Gartner Group believed that by 2005 nearly half of all Web-based commerce would be collaborative. Not only has collaboration become firmly established within many businesses it has changed many business models to incorporate B2B (Business to Business) integrations. The reasons for companies utilising e-commerce are mainly driven by the need to share resources and information. Wanga, Y. (Unknown, p.3) states that in collaborating the participating companies are sharing the supply chain the cost reduction, JIT process automation, increased potential opportunities on partnership, and the flexibility and adaptability. Samtani (2002, p.9) concurs with the above reasons for collaborating believing that it leads to shared databases, open tracking systems, enhanced inter-enterprise visibility and cooperation, streamlined business processes, new cost efficiencies and an expanded customer base for every collaborative partner. 3.2 B2B Model IPC E-Business Supply chain committee (2000) state The business-to-business (B2B) model is much more complex compared to the business-to commerce (B2C) model, which is more prevalent today. B2B spans the full spectrum of business processes, from raw material to the consumer. IPC E-Business Supply chain committee (2000) The diagram visualises the key elements of an e-collaborated e-business and its ability to manage end-to-end business transactions. As the trend towards outsourcing in the electronics industry continues to develop it is essential that all the main components are interlined: OEMs, EMS Providers, PCB Fabricators, Raw Material Suppliers and Component Suppliers to allow for automated processes. 3.2 Extranet Extranet is the term used for a private network within an organisation and other clients/suppliers who have access rights. Extranets have the ability to automate processes improving the business relationships. Businesses are currently more pressured into online ordering and inventory management because of their attractive benefits. Information is freely available 24/7 making communication easier between suppliers. Any changes needed to be made are simple in comparison to the traditional slow paper form saving time. Inventory and order processing can be easily changed without the delay of the post. Another added benefit of utilising an extranet is a much more effective collaboration and synchronization between clients. (Benefits of intranets and extranets, 2009) Business becomes more flexible with negotiable working hours because of their ordering system being connected 24/7. 3.3 EDI and API EDI is a tool that can be used by business to communicate with other businesses or suppliers. It reduces the need for paper documentation and reduces cycle time dramatically. PCMag.com, (Accessed November 2009) define it as being the electronic communication of business transactions, such as orders, confirmations and invoices, between organizations. API is the application that enables EDI. It is a platform that connects the companies together and standardises the layout of the data being transmitted so that it becomes meaningful to both parties involved. 3.4 Outsourcing Outsourcing is defined as the process of shifting/delegating/transferring a service/process/function to a third-parties/external service provider which would otherwise be an in-house function/service/process.'(CyberVillage.com, Accessed November 2009). Utilising outsourcing can be a crucial advantage to companies such as Dell, Nissan and Cummins. If the companies can source another company to make a component needed for the end product at a price that allows them to still have a viable profit margin, then this prevents the need to buy in the equipment and the expertise to do so. 3.5 The use of Web 2.0 Web 2.0 can be used as a means of selling products to customers and suppliers. This can be split into two categories of selling B2B or B2C. Websites such as eBay and Amazon.com can be used by businesses to sell directly to customers using a B2C model. Other websites such as nationalrail.co.uk can be used by 3rd party companies to sell train tickets on behalf of many train providers such as VirginTrains and the Eurostar. 3.6 Output of developing E-Collaboration for E-Businesses E-business collaboration allows businesses to have an active role in all aspects of its customer sales and marketing experience, from shopping and product configuration to fulfilment and feedback. Internet-enabled collaboration is creating a fundamental divide in the practice of global business and the management structures that guides it. http://www.industryweek.com/articles/e-business__e-collaboration_674.aspx Collaborated e-businesses pose the risk factor for many managers of organisations who have not adopted the collaboration phenomenon as old strategies do not constitute a sustainable competitive advantage. The managers of e-collaborated businesses are achieving industry advantages by adhering to two main characteristics (1) lowering interaction cost with the use of the internet and (2) they are primarily focused on the part of the value chain where they have a prominent advantage. With the business focused on the prominent advantage of creating an effective demand-driven (or customer driven) supply chain, e-collaboration has aided in providing the necessary tools and processes needed to manage the large of amount of information being shared throughout the cycle. Cost Reductions Globalisation Joint product development Another strategic imperative for collaboration is emerging from a basic transformation in discrete manufacturing. As the build-to-demand model replaces yesterdays build-to-stock paradigm, the ability to collaborate with customers and suppliers at a product engineering level becomes a primary competitive tool. It is a need that has been transforming the product strategies of companies that were once known only for their ability to deliver CAD/CAM solutions. This online collaboration will allow your active participation in all aspects of your customers sales and marketing experience, from shopping and product configuration to fulfillment and feedback. Short-term rewards include reduced costs through process automation and efficiencies. Long-term rewards include increased revenue, greater customer and partner loyalty, and the ability to create strong sell-side partnerships that help differentiate products E-business offers the opportunity for businesses to establish new competitive standards by expanding distribution channels, integrating external and internal processes, and offering a cost-effective method of providing products and services. The Internet provides online businesses with the ability to reach a global audience and to operate with a minimal infrastructure, reducing overhead, and providing greater economies of scale, while providing customers and businesses with a broad selection, increased pricing power, and unparalleled convenience. Impact On Key Value Drivers These changing economic assumptions within the context of the electronic economy have direct impact on economic value-add for manufacturers. Three primary value levers are exercised through the adoption of e-business. The associated value propositions can be quite compelling and span many of the key dimensions of business performance and success. In this context, e-business is clearly much more than just an electronic sales channel or an MRO procurement alternative, as many have defined it to be. Those who have been willing to adopt an e-business perspective are seeing tangible economic results. 15 All of the new tools of collaboration promote a model for manufacturing in which an enterprise is no longer inhibited by size or lack of it. And the collapsing of time and distance means that many of the old rules for corporate structure and strategy are being rewritten. Teresko, J. (2000) Aims Objectives To investigate the available tools to develop e-collaboration for an e-business, in order to achieve a competitive advantage. In order to achieve this aim the following objectives will be met: Investigate the use of e-collaboration for e-business Investigate the tools used to collaborate e-businesses API EDI Extranet Web 2.0 Understand the use of e-collaboration in small B2B and large B2B Explore the use of e-collaboration for Nissan and Renault and Google and Microsoft Case Studies Amazon.com   case study? Alliance between companies. For example Microsoft and Google. Are they going to buy out Google or collaborate to provide a better service to their customers? Effect on travel and transport? Retailers being able to provide train times from national rail through ADI. Analysis Successful example of E-Collaboration Nissan and Renault Nissan and Renault are one of the most formidable e-collaborations. Beginning in 1999 when Nissan UK was facing financial difficulties, Renault bought out 44.3% of the shares in Nissan. Nissan bought 15% of Renault shares but hold no voting rights. They also created the Renault-Nissan Alliance team, with both parties owning a 50% share. The two companies share their purchasing and information services as shown below. This partnership is successful due to many factors. Nissan are one of the leading petrol car manufacturers and Renault specialise in diesel. The Alliance have together co-developed common engines and gearboxes. These include a six-speed manual gearbox and a new V6 diesel engine. The Alliance also interchanges existing engines or gearboxes. For example, the Nissan 3.5-litre engine is used in the Renault Laguna and Renault 1.5 litre diesel engine is used in the Nissan Qashqai. In total, the Alliance share eight engines that are commonly used throughout the range of Nissan and Renault cars. Renault originally had no plant in South America, however from day one of the merger Renault have been able to utilise Nissans plant in Aguascalientes Mexico. Renault now produces the Clio for Mexico and Latin America. The Clio can be produced along side Nissans Platina as they share a similar architecture which drives down production and inventory costs. Nissan and Renault still however remain distinct recognisable brands which appeals to the customers. Nissan and Renault share their purchasing and information services. Within the RNIS (Renault-Nissan Information Services) the companies share a WAN, service providers and hardware. They also share systems e.g. Packaging Visibility System (PVS) that standardises the return of returnable packaging between shared suppliers, thus saving money. Outsourcing Dell spend a minimal 1.1% of their annual revenue on research and development, preferring to outsource various components to suppliers they collaborate with. They collaborate rather than compete with companies to provide customers with innovative ideas. This is vastly different to the methodology adopted by HP who invest 4.6%.of their annual revenue in research and developing components. This has previously given Dell the competitive advantage and enabled Dell to dominate the computer market. Outsourcing can be beneficial to companies who focus on other areas of production rather than research and development of specific components. Companies who outsource may pay a premium for buying in ready made components for their end product; however they compensate for that area of expenditure by ensuring they produce a very high quality end result that will attract customers. Outsourcing saves production time. If the business and their suppliers can successfully implement JIT (Just in Time) and components are delivered as per demand for the manufacturing line this will drive down product time. The increased number of products being manufactured within the same company in the same plant also increases the possibility of delays in such cases as a mainframe failures and machinery malfunctions. Out of house outsourcing can eliminate such problems. Nissan outsources to both in-house and out of house suppliers. They have improved their logistics by relocating many of their suppliers in-house, saving the time taken to get the components to the line and reduced the cost of transportation. To successfully outsource companies need to have confidence and trust in the suppliers. Nissan for example has implemented SAIS (Supplier Appraisal and Improvement System). This awards the suppliers demerits for mistakes such as parts mislabelled and accuracy percentages for delivery times. This allows Nissan remain in control over its suppliers and with the control reoccurring mistakes can be highlighted so that action can be taken. Nokia have recently published a press release in November 2009 to recall its mobile phone chargers that are produced by a third party supplier. The charger has a fault which can result in an electric shock. This can severely affect the client base of Nokia due to the inefficiencies of their supplier, customers may lose faith in Nokia and question how much of their outsourced components are quality assured by Nokia. Therefore ultimately meaning Nokia lose their competitive advantage in the mobile phone market. EDI and API Nissan Case Study Utilising EDI for communication between collaborated companies can provide numerous advantages. Sending an electronic message cross-country or globally requires only seconds or minutes instead of days. It can be agreed between the companies for the data to be sent in a certain format that can be instantaneously uploaded on the receiving companys system. Data files can be frequently communicated throughout a day between a company and a supplier via EDI; this is advantageous to a company dealing with a rapid stock turnover like manufacturing companies. The sending and receiving of information electronically can be of great benefit to a supplier too. The suppliers of NMUK (Nissan Manufacturing UK) will receive much earlier notification of NMUKs delivery requirements. This can be used by the supplier to enable them to minimise their inventory holding, improve their production scheduling and prepare in advance for logistics collections if necessary. NMUK also use EDI transmissions for the Self-Invoicing System. The objective is to have all suppliers who receive orders from Nissan by EDI to also be active for self-invoicing. This is saving Nissan money as they are not physically sending out the invoices. It is also reducing the possible errors caused by manual intervention may have when data needs to be input from one system onto another. Bibliography The effectiveness of using e-collaboration tools in the supply chain: an assessment study with system dynamics Oscar Rubiano Ovallea, Adolfo Crespo Marquezb,* a Escuela de Ing. Industrial y Estad!Ä ±stica, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia b Industrial Management, School of Engineering, University of Seville, Seville, Spain Received 1 February 2002; received in revised form 21 October 2002; accepted 18 January 2003 Goonatilake, R. Herath, S., Hearth, A., Tyska C.K. (2009) E-collaboration issues in global trade, transactions and pratices, European Journal of Scientific Research, 34 (3), p.326 [Online]. Available at: http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr_34_3_04.pdf (Accessed: 02 December 2009). Samtani, G. (2002) B2B Integration A practical guide to collaborative E-commerce. London. Imperial College Press. IPC E-Business Supply chain committee(2000) The myths of E-commerce. An IPC White Paper Report p.5. Open Access [online] Available at: http://www.ipc.org/4.0_Knowledge/4.1_Standards/E-CommerceWhitePaper.pdf (see page 5) (Accessed : 29 November 2009). Teresko, J. (2000) Internet tools allow manufactures to join forces to enhance individual strenghts, Industry Weekly, 12 June [Online] Available at: http://www.industryweek.com/articles/e-business__e-collaboration_674.aspx (Accessed: 29 November 2009). Wanga, Y. (Unknown) A literature review. p.3, Open Access [online] Available at: http://conference.iproms.org/sites/conference.iproms.org/files/PID172674.pdf (Accessed: 27 November 2009).

Pesticides Essay -- Environment, Pollution

People have been abusing the environment for too long. Americans should not use chemicals without researching and considering serious consequences. Rachel Carson, an aquatic biologist who helped shape the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, wrote an article about the damage chemicals are having on the earth. She presented a great point that most damage Americans are causing to the earth cannot be reversed. These chemicals are left in the air or in the ground for generations (Carson 50). Americans should use environmentally friendly pesticides to reduce pollution and improve human and animal health. One of the main reasons to use environmentally friendly pesticides is to reduce pollution. In an article from National Wildlife, it was found that surface and groundwater pollution is the biggest â€Å"uncontrolled† threat to American water today. This is caused when rain washes the chemicals from pesticides in into streams, lakes, and other bodies of water (Miller, par. 5). It can be very hard to monitor this issue because it is difficult to decide which farmer is using too much or even misusing pesticides (Miller, par.5). One way to reduce pollution from pesticides is to cut back on the amount of pesticides used. Farmers in Iowa were encouraged to reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers on their crops to help stop polluting the groundwater and runoffs. The farmers were over-using fertilizers and pesticides because they were not taking into consideration the fertilizers that were already in the ground from past years. Since the project began, there has been a dec line in nitrate levels in groundwater (Miller, par. 16). If all farmers would adopt this new way of thinking, the water contamination problem would deteriora... ...pesticides that will harm the earth nor eating any pesticides. Like Rachel Carson, all Americans should be very concerned about the impact pesticides are having on the environment and all living creatures. In her conclusion to The Obligation to Endure she says, â€Å"I contend that we have allowed these chemicals to be used with little or no advance investigation of their effect on soil, water, wildlife and man himself. Further generations are unlikely to condone our lack of prudent concern for the integrity of the natural world that supports all life† (Carson 54). She, as well as many others, recognizes a major issue in current actions with pesticides but is hopeful for the future. A little change in each person can achieve great results. To reduce pollution and improve the health of humans and animals, Americans should only use environmental friendly pesticides.

EWI competence criteria Essay

Comply with all workplace health, safety and welfare legislation requirements: QCF 641 Communicate with others to establish productive work practices: QCF 642 Moving, handling and storing resources in the workplace: QCF 643 Installing External Wall Insulation In The Workplace: QCF448v2 QCF 448v2: 1.1 Page REF:IEI 7 Interpret and extract information from drawings, specifications, schedules, method statements, risk assessments and manufacturers’ information. QCF 448v2: 1.2 Page REF:IEI 7 Comply with information and/ or instructions derived from risk assessments and method statements. QCF 448v2: 3.1 Page REF:IEI 14a Use personal protective equipment (PPE) and access equipment/ working platforms safely to carry out the activity in accordance with legislation and organisational requirements when installing external wall insulation. QCF 448v2: 4.1 Page REF:IEI 18 Select resources associated with own work in relation to materials, components, fixing, tools and equipment. QCF 448v2: 5.1 Page REF:IEI 24 Protect the work and its surrounding area from damage in accordance with safe working practices and organisational procedures. QCF 448v2: 5.2 Page REF:IEI 24 Minimise damage and maintain a clean work space QCF 448v2: 5.3 Page REF:IEI 24 Dispose of waste in accordance with legislation QCF 448v2: 6.1 Page REF:IEI 27 Demonstrate completion of the work within the allocated time. QCF 448v2: 7.1 Page REF:IEI 29 Demonstrate the following work skills when installing external wall insulation: measuring, marking out, fitting, filling, finishing, positioning and securing. QCF 448v2: 7.2 Page REF:IEI 29 Prepare and install external wall insulation to given working instructions, relating to one of the following :pre finished installation systems/methods :non finished installation systems/methods QCF 448v2: 7.3 Page REF:IEI 29 Safely use and store hand tools, portable power tools and ancillary equipment QCF 448v2: 7.4 Page REF:IEI 29 Safely store the materials, tools and equipment used when installing external wall insulation Applying Surface Finishes To External Wall Insulation In The Workplace: QCF 449v2 QCF 449v2: 1.1 Page REF:ASF 7 Interpret and extract information from drawings, specifications, schedules, method statements, risk assessments and manufacturers’ information. QCF 449v2: 1.2 Page REF:ASF 7 Comply with information and/ or instructions derived from risk assessments and method statements. QCF 449v2: 3.1 Page REF:ASF 14 Use health and safety control equipment and access equipment safely to carry out the activity in accordance with legislation and organisational requirements when applying surface finishes to external wall insulation. QCF 449v2: 4.1 Page REF:ASF 18 Select resources associated with own work in relation to materials, components, fixing, tools and equipment. QCF 449v2: 5.1 Page REF:ASF 24 Protect the work and its surrounding area from damage in accordance with safe working practices and organisational procedures. QCF 449v2: 5.2 Page REF:ASF 24 Minimise damage and maintain a clean work space. QCF 449v2: 5.3 Page REF:ASF 24 Dispose of waste in accordance with legislation. QCF 449v2: 6.1 Page REF:ASF 27 Demonstrate completion of the work within the allocated time. QCF 449v2: 7.1 Page REF:ASF 29 Demonstrate the following work skills when: measuring, marking out, fitting, applying, positioning and securing. QCF 449v2: 7.2 Page REF:ASF 29 Apply finishes to external wall insulation to given working instructions, relating to dash finishes, synthetic renders and one of the following: mortar finishes, proprietary pre cast finishes, paint finishes, corner and surface beads, brick slips, brick effect render, reinforcing mesh. QCF 449v2: 7.3 Page REF:ASF 29 Safely use materials, hand tools, portable power tools and ancillary equipment. QCF 449v2: 7.4 Page REF:ASF 29 Safely store materials, tools and equipment used when applying surface finishes to external insulation.

Essay about Film Analysis of All That Heaven Allows

Film Analysis of All That Heaven Allows Chosen sequence: Golden Rain Tree/Carys bedroom scene. Before the emergence of auteur theory the director Douglas Sirk was a renowned exponent of classical Hollywood narrative, particularly in the genre of romantic melodrama, of which his film All That Heaven Allows is a classic example. However, he is now regarded as a master of mise-en-scene, one of the few tools left to a director working within the constraints of the Hollywood studio/institutional system who is now thought to have been highly critical of American mainstream culture and society in this prosperous era. 1, 2 The Golden Rain Tree sequence occurs early on in the film after the†¦show more content†¦But the narrative and mise-en-scene has already established that she is looking for an alternative solution, foretelling the problems that lie ahead. The Golden Rain Tree sequence starts in Carys bedroom with a match cut on the small branch which Ron just presented. In itself, this is a typical example of continuity editing used to reinforce the developing classical narrative - the viewer immediately understands that the token from Ron has assumed a position close to Carys heart and she has now effectively placed Ron on her dressing table. This is the type of mise-en-scene that you would expect to see in this particular genre. The branch represents not just Ron but also all that he stands for, given his outspoken love of nature and anything to do with plants. Also, in accordance with a classical narrative, there is a direct cause-effect logic in showing the branch. The viewer knows exactly why the branch is there and who it is from. If the film had started with this scene, there would be an element of mystery around the branch and who, if anyone, had presented it. But the film always maintains a classical narrative, with omnisc ient narration whereby the viewer always understands the cause-effect logic, consolidated by standard continuity editing with a coherent sequencing of events across space and time. Having already set out the main protagonists,Show MoreRelatedMelodrama and Heaven Allows Essay2136 Words   |  9 PagesFassbinder and Todd Haynes have drawn on Sirk’s film melodramas in their films. Discuss the differences and similarities between their uses of Sirkian melodrama in their films Ali: Fear Eats the Soul and Far From Heaven. 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